Fuel System Description
| Fuel System Description |
| Fuel System Overview |
The fuel system is an electronic returnless on-demand design. A returnless fuel system reduces the internal temperature of the fuel tank by not returning hot fuel from the engine to the fuel tank. Reducing the internal temperature of the fuel tank results in lower evaporative emissions.
An electric turbine- style fuel pump is attached to the fuel pump module inside the fuel tank. The fuel pump supplies fuel through the fuel feed pipe to the high pressure fuel pump. The high pressure fuel pump supplies fuel to a variable-pressure fuel rail. Fuel enters the combustion chamber through precision multi-hole fuel injectors. The high pressure fuel pump, fuel rail pressure, fuel injection timing, and injection duration are controlled by the engine control module (ECM).
In BioPower engines an ethanol sensor is mounted on the fuel pipe, prior to the high pressure fuel pump. The ethanol sensor sends information regarding fuel ethanol content to the ECM. The ECM trims the amount of fuel injected and the ignition position with regard to the fuel ethanol content.
| Electronic Returnless Fuel System |
The electronic returnless fuel system is a microprocessor controlled fuel delivery system which transports fuel from the tank to the fuel rail. It functions as an electronic replacement for a traditional, mechanical fuel pressure regulator. A pressure relief regulator valve within the fuel tank provides an added measure of over pressure protection. Desired fuel pressure is commanded by the engine control module (ECM), and transmitted to the fuel pump flow control module via a GMLAN serial data message. A liquid fuel pressure sensor provides the feedback the fuel pump flow control module requires for Closed Loop fuel pressure control.
| Fuel Pump Flow Control Module |
The fuel pump flow control module is a serviceable GMLAN module. The fuel pump flow control module receives the desired fuel pressure message from the engine control module (ECM) and controls the fuel pump located within the fuel tank to achieve the desired fuel pressure. The fuel pump flow control module sends a 25 kHz PWM signal to the fuel pump, and pump speed is changed by varying the duty cycle of this signal. Maximum current supplied to the fuel pump is 15 A. A liquid fuel pressure sensor provides fuel pressure feedback to the fuel pump flow control module.
| Fuel Pressure Sensor |
The fuel pressure sensor is a serviceable 5 V, 3-pin device. It is positioned on the fuel line in front of the fuel tank. The fuel pump flow control module provides its power and ground via the car's harness. The sensor provides a fuel pressure signal to the fuel pump flow control module, which is used to provide Closed Loop fuel pressure control.
| Fuel Tank |
The fuel tank stores the fuel supply. The fuel tank is located in the rear of the vehicle. The fuel tank is held in place by 2 metal straps that attach to the underbody of the vehicle. The fuel tank is molded from high-density polyethylene.
| Fuel Fill Pipe |
The fuel fill pipe has a built-in restrictor in order to prevent refueling with leaded fuel.
| Fuel Filler Cap |
The fuel fill pipe has a tethered fuel filler cap. A torque limitation counteracts the cap from being tightened to tight. To seat the cap, turn clockwise until you hear a distinctive click. This indicates that the cap is correctly torqued and fully seated.
| Fuel Pump Module |
An electric turbine- style fuel pump is attached to the fuel pump module inside the fuel tank. The fuel pump supplies fuel through the fuel feed pipe to the high pressure fuel pump. The fuel pump module contains a reverse flow check valve. The check valve maintains fuel pressure in the fuel feed pipe in order to prevent long cranking times.
The fuel pump module consists of the following major components:
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The fuel level sensor
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The fuel pump and reservoir assembly
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The fuel filter
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The pressure relief regulator valve
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| Fuel Level Sensor |
The fuel level sensor consists of a float, a wire float arm, and a ceramic resistor card. The position of the float arm indicates the fuel level. The fuel level sensor contains a variable resistor which changes resistance in correspondence with the position of the float arm. The engine control module (ECM) sends the fuel level information via the High Speed CAN-Bus to the body control module (BCM). The BCM then sends the fuel level percentage via the Low Speed CAN-Bus to the instrument cluster in order to control the fuel gauge. On all wheel drive models, the ECM uses the signal circuits of the primary fuel level sensor and the secondary fuel level sensor in order to calculate the percentage of remaining fuel in the tank.
| The fuel pump |
The fuel pump is mounted in the fuel pump module reservoir. The fuel pump is an electric pump. Fuel is pumped to the high pressure fuel pump at a pressure that is based on feedback from the fuel pressure sensor. The fuel pump delivers a constant flow of fuel even during low fuel conditions and aggressive vehicle maneuvers. The fuel pump flex pipe acts to dampen the fuel pulses and noise generated by the fuel pump.
| Pressure Relief Regulator Valve |
The pressure relief regulator valve replaces the typical fuel pressure regulator used on a mechanical returnless fuel system. The pressure relief regulator valve is closed during normal vehicle operation. The pressure relief regulator valve is used to vent pressure during hot soaks and also functions as a fuel pressure regulator in the event of the fuel pump flow control module defaulting to 100 percent pulse width modulation (PWM) of the fuel pump. Due to variation in the fuel system pressures, the opening pressure for the pressure relief regulator valve is set higher than the pressure that is used on a mechanical returnless fuel system pressure regulator.
| Nylon Fuel Pipes |
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Warning
Nylon pipes are constructed to withstand maximum fuel system pressure, exposure to fuel additives, and changes in temperature.
Heat resistant rubber hose or corrugated plastic conduit protect the sections of the pipes that are exposed to chafing, high temperature, or vibration.
Nylon fuel pipes are somewhat flexible and can be shaped around gradual turns under the vehicle. However, if nylon fuel pipes are forced into sharp bends, the pipes kink and restrict the fuel flow. Also, once exposed to fuel, nylon pipes may become stiffer and are more likely to kink if bent too far. Exercise special care when working on a vehicle with nylon fuel pipes.
| Quick-Connect Fittings |
Quick-connect fittings provide a simplified means of installing and connecting fuel system components. The fittings consist of a unique female connector and a compatible male pipe end. O-rings, located inside the female connector, provide the fuel seal. Integral locking tabs inside the female connector hold the fittings together.
| High Pressure Fuel Pump |
The high pressure fuel pump is a mechanical one-cylinder design driven by an additional three lobe cam on the camshaft. High pressure fuel is regulated by the high pressure fuel pump actuator, which is a part of the high pressure fuel pump. The high pressure fuel pump actuator is a magnetic actuator which controls the inlet valve of the high pressure fuel pump. The ECM provides battery voltage on the actuator high control circuit and ground on the actuator low control circuit. Both circuits are controlled through output drivers within the ECM. When deactivated, both drivers are disabled and the inlet valve is held open with spring pressure. When activated, the high control circuit driver energises the high pressure fuel pump actuator and the low control circuit driver pulse-width modulates (PWM) the low control circuit to ground. The ECM uses the camshaft and the crankshaft position sensor inputs to synchronise the actuator with the position of each of the three camshaft lobes. The ECM regulates fuel pressure by adjusting the portion of each pump stroke that provides fuel to the fuel rail. The high pressure fuel pump also contains an integrated pressure relief valve.
| Fuel Rail Assembly |
The fuel rail assembly attaches to the cylinder head. The fuel rail distributes high pressure fuel to the fuel injectors. The fuel rail assembly consists of the following components:
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The direct fuel injectors
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The fuel rail pressure sensor
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| Fuel Injectors |
The fuel injection system is a high pressure, direct injection, returnless on-demand design. The fuel injectors are mounted in the cylinder head beneath the intake ports and spray fuel directly into the combustion chamber. Direct injection requires high fuel pressure due to the fuel injector's location in the combustion chamber. Fuel pressure must be higher than compression pressure requiring a high pressure fuel pump. The fuel injectors also require more electrical power due to the high fuel pressure. The ECM supplies a separate high voltage supply circuit and a high voltage control circuit for each fuel injector. The injector high voltage supply circuit and the high voltage control circuit are both controlled by the ECM. The ECM energizes each fuel injector by grounding the control circuit. The ECM controls each fuel injector with 65 V. This is controlled by a boost capacitor in the ECM. During the 65 V boost phase, the capacitor is discharged through an injector, allowing for initial injector opening. The injector is then held open with 12 V.
The fuel injector assembly is an inside opening electrical magnetic injector. The injector has six precision machined holes that generate a cone shaped oval spray pattern. The fuel injector has a slim extended tip in order to allow a sufficient cooling jacket in the cylinder head.
| Fuel Injection Fuel Rail Fuel Pressure Sensor |
The fuel rail pressure sensor detects fuel pressure within the fuel rail. The engine control module (ECM) provides a 5 V reference voltage on the 5 V reference circuit and ground on the reference ground circuit. The ECM receives a varying signal voltage on the signal circuit. The ECM monitors the voltage on the fuel rail pressure sensor circuits. When the fuel pressure is high, the signal voltage is high. When the fuel pressure is low, the signal voltage is low.
| Fuel Pulse Dampener |
The fuel pulse dampener is a part of the low pressure fuel feed pipe assembly. The fuel pulse dampener is diaphragm-operated with fuel pump pressure on one side and with spring pressure on the other side. The function of the dampener is to dampen the fuel pump pressure pulsations.
| Fuel Metering Modes of Operation |
The control module monitors voltages from several sensors in order to determine how much fuel to give the engine. The control module controls the amount of fuel delivered to the engine by changing the fuel injector pulse width. The fuel is delivered under one of several modes.
| Starting Mode |
When the ignition is first turned ON, the control module energizes the fuel pump for 2 seconds. This allows the fuel pump to build pressure in the fuel system. The control module calculates the air/fuel ratio based on inputs from the engine coolant temperature (ECT), manifold absolute pressure (MAP), mass air flow (MAF), and throttle position sensors. The system stays in starting mode until the engine speed reaches a predetermined RPM.
During a cold start, the ECM commands dual pulse mode during Open Loop operation to improve cold start emissions. In dual-pulse mode, the injectors are energized twice during each injection event.
| Clear Flood Mode |
If the engine floods, clear the engine by pressing the accelerator pedal down to the floor and then crank the engine. When the throttle position sensor is at wide open throttle (WOT), the control module reduces the fuel injector pulse width in order to increase the air to fuel ratio. The control module retains this injection setting as long as the throttle is in the wide open position and the engine speed is lower than the predetermined speed. If the throttle is not held fully open, the control module returns to the start mode.
| Run Mode |
The run mode has 2 conditions called Open Loop and Closed Loop. When the engine is first started and the engine speed is above a predetermined RPM, the system begins open loop operation. The control module ignores the signal from the heated oxygen sensor (HO2S). The control module calculates the air/fuel ratio based on inputs from the engine coolant temperature (ECT), manifold absolute pressure (MAP), mass air flow (MAF), and throttle position sensors. The system stays in open loop until meeting the following conditions:
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The HO2S has varying voltage output, showing that the HO2S is hot enough to operate properly.
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The ECT sensor is above a specified temperature.
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A specific amount of time has elapsed after starting the engine.
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Specific values for the above conditions exist for each different engine, and are stored in the electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). The system starts to work in closed loop when these values have been achieved. In closed loop the engine control module calculates the fuel mixture and the injectors' activation time based on the signals from different sensors but mainly from HO2S. This makes it possible to maintain the ratio between air/fuel very close to 14.7:1.
| Acceleration Mode |
When the driver pushes on the accelerator pedal, air flow into the cylinders increases rapidly. To prevent possible hesitation, the control module increases the pulse width to the injectors to provide extra fuel during acceleration. This is also known as power enrichment. The control module determines the amount of fuel required based upon the throttle position, the engine coolant temperature (ECT), the manifold absolute pressure (MAP), the mass air flow (MAF), and the engine speed.
| Deceleration Mode |
When the driver releases the accelerator pedal, air flow into the engine is reduced. The control module monitors the corresponding changes in the throttle position, the mass air flow (MAF), and the manifold absolute pressure (MAP). The control module shuts off the fuel completely if the reduction in speed is very fast or occurs under a long period, e.g. long engine braking downhill. The fuel is shutoff to prevent damage to the catalytic converters.
| Battery Voltage Correction Mode |
When the battery voltage is low, the control module compensates for the weak spark delivered by the ignition system in the following ways:
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Increasing the amount of fuel delivered
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Increasing the idle RPM
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Increasing the ignition dwell time
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| Fuel Cutoff Mode |
The control module cuts OFF fuel from the fuel injectors when the following conditions are met in order to protect the powertrain from damage and improve driveability:
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The ignition is OFF. This prevents engine run-on.
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The ignition is ON but there is no ignition reference signal. This prevents flooding or backfiring.
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The engine speed is too high, above red line.
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The vehicle speed is too high, above rated tire speed.
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During an extended, high speed, closed throttle coast down-This reduces emissions and increases engine braking.
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During extended deceleration, in order to prevent damage to the catalytic converters
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| Fuel Trim |
The control module controls the air/fuel metering system in order to provide the best possible combination of driveability, fuel economy, and emission control. The control module monitors the heated oxygen sensor (HO2S) signal voltage while in Closed Loop and regulates the fuel delivery by adjusting the pulse width of the injectors based on this signal. The ideal fuel trim values are around 0 percent for both short and long term fuel trim. A positive fuel trim value indicates the control module is adding fuel in order to compensate for a lean condition by increasing the pulse width. A negative fuel trim value indicates that the control module is reducing the amount of fuel in order to compensate for a rich condition by decreasing the pulse width. A change made to the fuel delivery changes the long and short term fuel trim values. The short term fuel trim values change rapidly in response to the HO2S signal voltage. These changes fine tune the engine fueling. The long term fuel trim makes coarse adjustments to fueling in order to recenter and restore control to short term fuel trim. A scan tool can be used to monitor the short and long term fuel trim values. The long term fuel trim diagnostic is based on an average of several of the long term speed load learn cells. The control module selects the cells based on the engine speed and engine load. If the control module detects an excessively lean or rich condition, the control module will set a fuel trim diagnostic trouble code (DTC).
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